Author: Sahil Page 12 of 16

The internal combustion engine has been around for about two hundred years, and to great effect. It has changed the world and made it a better place for many people. Yet, in its wake are the climate consequences of mobilizing an enormous swath of the population.

Today we’re seeing an explosion in electric vehicle technologies, and I am extremely excited for an electrified future. The advantages of electric propulsion systems for wheeled vehicles, including instantaneous torque delivery and greater longevity, easily outweighs the negatives. The improvements in fast charging have been drastic and the increase in range has negated the range anxiety that plagued early electric vehicles.

However, despite these advantages and improvements, I think aviation may well remain one of the last holdouts of the internal combustion engine. Aviation primarily uses one of two different types of internal combustion engine — the reciprocating engine, commonly found in general aviation, and the turbine engine, commonly found in commercial aircraft.

For short range trips, I admit that electric propulsion systems seem quite attractive. However, when looking at long distance cruising, which is paramount to commercial operators, the internal combustion engine still holds its own.

The reciprocating engine is particularly well suited to the demands of long distance cruising, especially when combined with a constant speed propeller. Running at peak efficiency essentially all the time means that the traditional issues that detractors bemoan, large and quick changes of RPM, are no longer relevant.

Because these engines need to be spinning at all times, ground vehicles need to utilize some sort of transmission and power coupling system to allow for slippage. Aviation, on the other hand, requires the propeller to be spinning at all times anyway (at least during flight and most ground operations after the initial set up procedures). Therefore, planes do not need to have a heavy transmission and are often simply directly connected to the propeller.

The near-instantaneous response times of electric motors is certainly helpful for pilots, especially during non-normal procedures such as stalls, go-arounds, etc., for most applications it isn’t absolutely necessary. Passenger aircraft would likely implement some sort of smoothing system anyway for comfort, negating the benefits almost completely.

The energy density of chemical fuels is unparalleled, with the exception of nuclear technologies. The energy extraction mechanisms used for nuclear energy are themselves quite bulky, completely negating any density benefits. On the other hand electric propulsion systems suffer from the exact opposite problem. Electric motors are lightweight, but the batteries are still heavy, despite the massive improvements that have been made in recent years.

The advancements in battery technology that are driven by innovation in the aviation sector will likely have an enormous impact on society as a whole. For that reason alone, I think pursuing electric aviation technologies is absolutely worth the effort and the increased funding that it deserves. This is an area where these developments may completely overturn the cost-benefit ratio and make electric aviation readily cost-effective despite some of the inefficiencies of the energy storage mechanism.

The electrification potential in ground based vehicles is more obvious. The benefits of electric motors are their extremely high torque, instantaneous response times, and independent wheel control (assuming 4 motors, one for each wheel).

I think off-road vehicles are even more suited, as having wheel-based motors allows for higher ground clearance. Likewise, buses and city vehicles as well, where weight is not really a huge concern, and electric charge stations are plentiful and can even by added to the bus stops themselves to keep the vehicles charged.

Because of these issues, I think that electric innovation will be primarily driven by ground-based transport, rather than by aviation. However, I would love to be proved wrong, especially as aviation becomes one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gasses. Reducing these emissions will be invaluable to increase the reach of general aviation reach in society, and I am eager for such a future.

This area, namely emissions, is where I see the largest potential for upheaval of the industry. As pilots and aviators, we probably contribute significantly more to climate change than others. Flying in small general aviation aircraft is inherently less efficient than flying in larger airliners. Allowing the public to pursue general aviation without contributing to the negative impact of climate change will be immensely beneficial. As a community, pilots are excited for a future where aviation can be carbon neutral.

Dossier

MIT Ground School, by Philip Greenspun, January 6, 2020. http://philip.greenspun.com/teaching/ground-school/

“Is it Wrong to Fly?” by Vox, January 8, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88Cd5H3kmXQ

When I first read “Fairness in Housework Doesn’t Mean 50/50” in The Wall Street Journal, Eve Rodsky’s ideas seemed to perfectly take the abstract echoes from our subconscious thoughts and concretely place them into the context of the household – a backdrop that the vast majority of Americans can easily relate to. The tagline summarizes her argument concisely, “Happiness at home comes from each spouse owning tasks completely—not dividing everything exactly down the middle.”

I think that this is even more relevant in modern households. Todays elite, at least according to Daniel Markovits in “The Meritocracy Trap,” seems to run households in the image of a production facility, generating the necessary human capital to sustain the emerging meritocratic dynasties. In that sense, I now realize that Rodsky’s argument resonates with all aspects of management, from the household to large organizations, from small group projects for a class to whole teams of professionals volunteering their evenings to serve the community.

Dossier

“Fairness in Housework Doesn’t Mean 50/50,” by Eve Rodsky, September 20, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/fairness-in-housework-doesnt-mean-50-50-11568989512

“The Meritocracy Trap,” by Daniel Markovits, September 10, 2019.

Last week, I wrote about the Goldsmith and the analogy to human struggle. That truly resonated with me. But reflecting on it, I remembered an early lesson from my flight instructor that had a similar message.

While taxiing to the runway, one one of my first flights, he told me, “Make sure you always face into the wind when taking off.” I look at life in the same way: the challenges and difficulties that we face in life are what lift us up high into the sky.

There is a historical element that, in combination with metallurgy and materials sciences, gives rise to the age-old practices of goldsmiths. Why is it that goldsmiths take precious metals and place them into the hot, dirty coals?

The goldsmith might retort, “I use the heat of the flames to purify the gold – to turn an imperfect piece into the most precious metal.”

Perhaps the glowing blaze of the forge, the rising embers from the ashes, the swirling heat that distorts our vision, represents far more. Perhaps the goldsmith’s retort is the answer to the primordial question, “Why do we struggle?” It is the flames of the coals that purifies the gold. Likewise, it is struggle and hardship that purifies the human soul.

There are two types of love.

One that makes you enjoy the fact that you’re in love. It’s the one everyone knows about, the one that you look forward to.

The other is much heavier. It makes you feel sad that you love. It’s one of responsibility. A love that makes you go out of your way to care for someone. One that makes your life difficult but only because you want theirs to be easier.

In English we don’t have too many ways of expressing this dichotomy, though we find ways around it. Does this affect the way we think, as proposed by Sapir and Whorf?

Perhaps.

This is a project I heard about years ago and fascinated me. It was not only a piece of artwork, but also a living example of the beauty of biodiversity.

I remember my elementary school having a tree drive where families could pick up fruit tree saplings and plant at home. We went there and brought home three apple saplings and planted them in our backyard. Over the years I would watch them grow from my window on the second floor, watching them slowly grow taller and taller.

While I was a bit sad that they blocked the prime sledding tracks on our little hill, I later learned to love these trees as a part of our home. When they finally started blooming and growing fruit, we quickly realized that these trees were in desperate need of pollination.

Those were the years where the sudden collapse of beehives was propagating like wildfire through the news. It was then that I recognized the central duality of nature — that of its frailty and its resilience.

I recently came across this TED Talk in my YouTube subscriptions. I’ve always enjoyed improv, especially since the cafe nights in my time at Mass Academy – shoutout to Freitas and the SJ Improv club!

It’s a bit of inside joke about the style of TED Talks, but it’s nonetheless humorous for those outside as well!

Today I noticed that Glassdoor recently published their annual top-earners report. Immediately, headlines were all over the place describing that physicians are once again the highest-paid professionals in the United States. However, I think that the claim is slightly misleading, especially given the exponential increase in stratification in today’s society. While physicians are still paid well, there are disparities that hide in the data and underlie important social aspects that touch the lives of all Americans.

The first misconception arises from how people identify their careers. Almost every doctor in every specialty identifies as a “physician.” A cardiothoracic surgeon, in these surveys would likely qualify as a physician. If you were to ask them in person, however, they would likely first say “surgeon.” Professionals in other fields often don’t have the same level of unity in titles. IT professionals, for example, have multiple titles for essentially the same job: software engineer, process development engineer, development manager, etc. While there are certainly some nuances between these, they are no different than the nuances between, say, a neurologist and a neurosurgeon.

Professionals of other fields are often much higher paid than physicians, yet because there is no unifying title that dominates, the statistics fall short of the truth simply due to our categorical nature. As such I think it’s worth surfacing these issues in discussions about top-earners. At least, then we’re inching closer to the truth.

Dossier

“The Highest Paying Jobs in 2019,” by Glassdoor, September 17, 2019. https://www.glassdoor.com/research/jobs-companies-2019/ . This is an annually compiled list of the 25 highest paying jobs and companies, with some additional insight about their respective industries.

Weirdly enough, I spend a lot of time thinking about linguistics.

Because the way we use language to communicate ideas is critical to understanding the way our cultures have evolved, a lot of studies have examined it in great depth. While such a macroscopic viewpoint can be useful for studying change on a global level, it rarely manifests meaningfully in the day to day interactions that define the human experience.

Instead, I’ve realized that the minutiae we use to subtly inject meaning into words and phrases has a profound impact at that individual level.However, even that analysis is slightly flawed. Rather, I argue that we should study these minutiae from the influence that they have on the way our messages are perceived. This shift in analysis forces us to communicate with a more rhetorical approach.

By definition, a rhetorical approach requires careful understanding of the relationships that define that communication. This emphasis on audience manifests itself everywhere, whether interpersonal as is on the level of normal conversations, or analytical as is through these essays.

Some of the factors include tone, word choice, inflection, emphasis, etc. And even the slightest change can radically alter its perception, regardless of the intended meaning. During conversation, we have the luxury of immediate feedback from the listener. Thus the act of responsiveness is facilitated. I reason that a more intricate understanding of a conversational mode of communication will therefore apply primarily towards speech. And yet with the advent of textual communications on that conversational plane, such as texting, messaging, etc. people have found workarounds that allow them to inject the same level of meaning into the text.

This becomes fraught with misinterpretation, hence my emphasis on perception.

Advances in medical technology have resulted in substantial gains in life expectancy, especially in developed nations (Roser 2016). However, the healthcare system in the United States is not effectively prepared to handle the massive influx of patients with age related cognitive deterioration and their goals to live comfortably at home and be free of pain. Not only does the current healthcare system stress quantity rather than quality of care, but it also is heavily biased towards acute medical intervention and short term increase in life instead of comforting patients and relieving their pain (Meier 2015). Doctors and hospitals are incentivized to provide more treatment, even if it is less beneficial to patients. However, patients with terminal illnesses do not want aggressive treatment to prolong life, but rather to enjoy their remaining time in comfort (Delude 2015). These issues become more evident in the context of dementia and its underlying diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, which are currently incurable despite the considerable improvements in medical technology and treatment.

Alzheimer’s disease, a progressive neurological disorder that afflicts about five million Americans today, affects the entire body (Mitchell et al. 2012), leaving patients incapacitated and bedridden. Patients gradually lose track of where they are, what is happening, how to dress themselves, who their family is, finally becoming immobile, incontinent, incoherent, and catatonic. As a result, an Alzheimer’s diagnosis is extremely emotionally distressing because it constitutes a loss of identity and of personhood. However, the long trajectory of cognitive decline means that many patients who are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease will likely continue to survive for many years, and sometimes even decades (Delude 2015).

When asked, three out of four people say they would prefer to die at home, receiving comfort care only and with no intrusive interventions. Yet most people fail to discuss end-of-life wishes with their families, and only one in four actually prepares advance directives. So when the end nears, most families don’t know what their loved ones would want. Meanwhile, doctors are trained to defeat death, not allow it to happen. In addition, the current payment system creates perverse incentives for sending dying patients to hospitals, where the default mode is acute care. As a result, many people receive unwanted and expensive end-of-life treatments that exacerbate, rather than alleviate, pain and suffering (Delude 2015).

The purpose of the healthcare system should be to best use medical technology to help patients with dementia achieve their goals of comfortable, at home care that provides relief from pain. End of life care is supposed to be supportive and less intrusive in nature. Though dementia is terminal illness, the process of eventual death takes an exceedingly long time. Consequently, patients are more likely to pass away due to the clinical complications from interventional care and being bedridden rather than from the disease itself. In contrast, hospice is a more effective form of treatment because it provides a refuge from unwanted end of life interventions. In hospice care, patients forgo curative treatments but receive care focused on comfort, managing symptoms, relieving pain, emotional support, and enhancing the quality of the time they have left (Delude 2015).

Though hospice seems ideally suited to providing the type of care that advanced Alzheimer’s patients need, it can be a challenge to be admitted. A physician must certify that death will come within six months, a requirement that stems from the early days of hospice when it was primarily designed for cancer patients. However, it is significantly more difficult to predict with reasonable accuracy when a patient with dementia will likely die than it is for a patient with cancer, a disease that has a relatively well understood trajectory towards death. “Alzheimer’s prognosis is so variable that most people who need hospice care won’t get it because it’s not clear they are dying until the last week of life,” says Diane Meier, a geriatrician at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. In addition, patients are also required to show ongoing decline in order to continue to receive hospice care. Patients who live longer than six months must reapply; those who stabilize and stop getting worse are no longer eligible for hospice. Ironically, hospice patients often do improve, because palliative care alleviates medical problems caused by the side effects of intrusive medical interventions. By providing loving and meticulous care, patients lives are extended and, in a cruel paradox, their eligibility for hospice is jeopardized (Meier 2015).

The hospice Medicare benefit was set up in 1980s for terminally ill patients. As a result, Medicare considers hospice only as a short term solution and has implemented a cumulative benefit cap per patient. The inherent problem with financing hospice care for dementia patients specifically is that their “end of life” care often lasts far longer than the six month period that Medicare will reimburse. The majority of expenses are taken up only in the beginning of care, when the patient is first admitted, and at the end, when the patient is dying. In between, however, daily expenses are typically lower. Despite the expense curve, hospice benefits are paid out at a constant rate, which eats into the benefit cap. Consequently, hospices must discharge long term patients once the benefit cap is reached. This ineffective administration of funds severely limits the care that patients wish to receive. Many patients who outlive their prognoses and would have benefited from continued palliative care provided by hospice services are forced to resort to invasive hospitalizations and aggressive medical treatments as families struggle to pay for or provide comfortable, at home care consistent with the goals of patients (Meier 2015).

Unfortunately, the current healthcare system does not offer a clear way to continue to care for patients who have been discharged from hospice (Delude 2015). In order to make palliative care more accessible to the ballooning aging population, the hospice Medicare benefits program must be revised such that benefits payments are not paid at a constant rate. Rather, benefits should be reduced during the period when the patient is in stable condition and hospice expenses are lower. This allows patients to remain longer in hospice care and in the comfort of their own homes.

As clinicians become more reliant on the technical aspects of care, less attention is given on supporting patient and their families. Adjusting doctor training protocols and reimagining the home as a place of medical treatment are key aspects in changing the healthcare system for the better. It is imperative that doctors in medical school be trained to take the time necessary to explore the goals and values of patients and best utilize their expertise and medical technology to help patients achieve their goals. The medical system is primarily built around hospitals and clinics and the payment system mirrors that. Though a growing number of hospitals now provide palliative-only care to dementia patients, most who need that care are not actually in hospitals, but rather in their own homes, nursing homes, and retirement communities (Meier 2015). Because reimbursements are predominantly given to hospitals and clinics, most doctors do not have any financial incentives to provide at home care. Reaching these patients will require new federal policies that include the home as an effective location of health care and reward doctors for meeting patient needs where needed (Delude 2015).

References

“Advanced Dementia: State of the Art and Priorities for the Next Decade,” by Susan L. Mitchell et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, January 3, 2012.

“A National Study of Live Discharges from Hospice,” by Joan M. Teno et al., Journal of Palliative Medicine, August 7, 2014.

“Fixing Medicare’s Hospice Problem,” by Cathryn Delude, Proto Magazine, January 28, 2015.

“Long Last Moments,” by Cathryn Delude, Proto Magazine, January 28, 2015.

“Troubled Passage,” by Diane Meier, Proto Magazine, February 15, 2015.

“Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia Are Different,” by Angela Lunde, Mayo Clinic Expert Blogs, September 27, 2007.

“Alzheimer’s and Dementia,” no author listed, Alzheimer’s Association, nd.

“What is the Difference Between Alzheimer’s and Dementia?,” no author listed, Alzheimers.net, nd.

“Medicare Hospice Benefits,” no author listed, Medicare.gov, nd.

“Life Expectancy,” by Max Roser, Our World in Data, 2016.

Important Terms and Definitions:

• Dementia: a chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning.
• Alzheimer’s Disease: a progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain.
• Palliative Care: care designed to relieve pain or alleviate a problem without dealing with the underlying cause so patients remain in comfort.
• Hospice: a home providing palliative care for the sick, especially the terminally ill.
• Medicare: the federal health insurance program for individuals who are 65 years or older.